A Historical and Anthropological Analysis of Cultural Food Free Essay Example, 2000 words

The ancient Romans also consumed boiled eggs. The Chinese, on the other hand, had their own method of consuming and preserving eggs by fermenting them. The Chinese were particularly fond of the pigeon eggs (Kiple and Ornelas 2000, p. This could help the egg to keep from rotting even after weeks. The discovery of egg as a nutritious and healthy food source developed its own innovations throughout time as it started first from being eaten raw to being boiled and then being eaten along with bread and cakes. The early Egyptians and Romans are said to have used egg in making bread and cakes due to their coagulating qualities that enable it to act as an excellent thickening agent (Tannahill 1988, p. Today, one may consume eggs as part of their daily meal but its history lies millions of years back. Eggs can be traced back since the start of humanity millions of years back, particularly when humans started settling as civilizations and societies. The domestication of foul birds and farming of chickens allowed humans to realize several uses of eggs as part of their diet, beyond its usual consumption as an egg itself. We will write a custom essay sample on A Historical and Anthropological Analysis of Cultural Food or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Its use in the preparation of other foods was also realized quite early, but it is probable that this was done so through trial and error. The Chinese cuisine has extensively used eggs in their culinary dishes. The Chinese society is probably one of the earliest among ancient civilizations that started to farm fowl birds. Hence, the use of egg in food was recognized quite early. Historians of food have suggested that China may be the first place which started the domestication of chickens and other birds, which explains the access to eggs and its use in the preparation of food. Among the various eggs, pigeon eggs were most frequently used for consumption in China. Even today, pigeon eggs are taken as a delicacy served as a poached egg with different kinds of soup, while they may also be eaten boiled. Perhaps the most famous method of Chinese preservation involves eggs, known as thousand-year eggs. These eggs are fermented so that they do not go off. Eggs that have been preserved using such a method are often eaten as it is or as the first course.

Character Analysis Of King Lear - 963 Words

A Child King At first glance, King Lear appears to be simply a selfish man who loses his wealth, his mind, and his life in that order. Sure, he learns a lesson, but it does not do much good because both he and his daughter, Cordelia, die before really making amends. In fact, most everyone dies before really getting anything good done. So why did Shakespeare bother writing this play? Well, Shakespeare was well known for having a deep understanding of mankind and portraying that understanding in a subtle, yet masterful, way. If one was to look deeper into the character of Lear they would find that his fatal flaw was not really selfishness, that was simply a symptom of his true issue. King Lear is not just about a man who dug his own grave†¦show more content†¦It is not until he is left out to the storm that he realizes how truly powerless he is. He screams to the sky and attempts to command nature ordering â€Å"Blow, winds, and crack your cheeks! rage! blow!† and †Å"all-shaking thunder, Smite flat the thick rotundity o the world! Crack natures moulds, an germens spill at once, That make ingrateful man! (3.1)† It is the equivalent of a toddler’s temper tantrum, and has about the same amount of effectiveness. However, this shows Lear just how ridiculous he truly is; for the first time readers see him begin to acknowledge others and, eventually, himself. He has finally realized that he is not some god-like ruler, he is a deeply flawed child who has caused all of his misery himself. Sadly, it is this sudden realization that marks his death. Lear’s death scene shows the greatest contrast between the child he was at the beginning of the play and the man he has become as he can finally see, in a sense. He finally recognises those around him, both literally and figuratively. He sees that Caius is actually Kent, but he also realizes that Kent has been thoroughly loyal to him despite Lear banishing him in rage. He sees that Goneril and Regan have never seen him as anything more than a means to gain wealth and, in turn, scarcely acknowledges their death. And, most importantly, he sees that Cordelia truly loved him and that she - in her love for him and constant loyalty - is not his lesser or even equal, but his better. HeShow MoreRelatedKing Lear Character Analysis1258 Words   |  6 Pagesrespect and honesty is expected. Yet to the demise of many of the characters this expected attitude is only portrayed through a few of them. When this attitude is not portrayed it is not looked upon as odd or out of character it is almost normalized. The king goes mad, Kent’s breaking of a stereotype, Gloucester is naà ¯ve nature, Edmunds superb manipulation, and the fool is the most knowledgeable of all. The first is the king. He goes mad, completely loses all sense of sanity. â€Å"Nature’s aboveRead MoreKing Lear Character Analysis796 Words   |  4 Pages In the play King Lear by william Shakespeare, Lear decides to give up his throne and retire because of his age. Lear decides to divide his kingdom between his three daughters because he has no heir to the throne. Before splitting the country up, Lear asks his daughters to tell him how much they love him and only then will the receive their part of the kingdom. His eldest daughters, Goneril and Regan, shower their father in insincere flattery trying to show their affection. In contrast his youngestRead MoreKing Lear Character Analysis714 Words   |  3 PagesIn Act III scene 7 of Shakespeare’s King Lear, Gloucester returns to his castle after secretly guiding Lear to safety. Gloucester hoped to avoid any confrontation by Cornwall and Regan, but his son Edmund, betrayed him and revealed the information. When Gloucester finds Regan and Cornwall, they accuse him of being a traitor. They a re both enraged that he has disobeyed their orders by helping Lear who was just kicked out during a terrible storm. After some interrogation by Regan, Gloucester justifiesRead MoreKing Lear Character Analysis1511 Words   |  7 PagesA character study written of a mortal man full of unpredictable mental illnesses and insanity can be as confusing as a thing to write as the thoughts within his very own mind. King Lear had a mind that could be compared to a light switch. His emotional states change from one extreme to the other with just that flip of the switch. Lear had a vast need for power and control; this combined with his temper and enormous selfishness created room for many mental outbursts. Best stated by Henry Hudson (1911)Read MoreKing Lear Character Analysis1222 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Obey thy father† (King Lear III-IV 75). What that means is, to honour your father.Edmund, who broke a sin by dethroning his father Gloucester and, as a result Edmund was slain by his brother Edgar. Next, King Lear was betrayed by his three daughters. During act I, scene IV, Lear said. â€Å"Degenerate bastard, I’ll not trouble thee. Yet have I left daughter.† (Lear I IV 242-243). This advises us that King Lear will not be bothering Goneril as Goneril is promptly an extraordinary character. Goneril breaksRead MoreKing Lear Character Analysis1196 Words   |  5 Pageswritten play, King Leir, published on May 15, 1594. In the play, the single father, King Leir, was betrayed by his two oldest daughters as he realizes that they do not love him. â€Å"He fled the land, and sailed to Gallia, there to seek some comfort of his youngest daughter Cordeilla, whom before he hated† (Holinshed: Chronicles). Out of all of his children, he favored his youngest Cordeilla due to her â€Å"motherly† personality of caring and love for him. Shakespeare’s version of King Lear is very similarRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of the Characters of King Lear and Hidetora526 Words   |  2 Pagesin human history dont just resurface in critical analysis but are also given new life when channeled through modern media. This is well-exemplified by legendary Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawas 1985 epic, Ran. The highly regarded and high-budgeted film, based on William Shakespeares 1606 play King Lear, demonstrates the power retained by the original play even when dramatically recontextualized. Indeed, in a comparative discussion of King Lear and Hidetora, his counterpart in the Kurosawa filmRead MoreEssay on Character Analysis of King Lear600 Words   |  3 PagesKing Lear, the protagonist of the play, is a truly tragic figure. He is driven by greed and arrogance and is known for his stubbornness and imperious temper, he often acts upon emotions and whims. He values appearances above reality. He wants to be treated as a king and to enjoy the title, but he doesn’t want to fulfill a king’s obligations of governing for the good of his subjects. Similarly, his test of his daughters demonstrates that he values a flattering public display of love over realRead MoreKing Lear and the Genre of Tragedy Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesof the hero. Written between 1604 and 1606, ‘King Lear’ falls into the genre of tragedy, depicting the destruction and downfall of the main character (Abrams). The play centres on Lear, an aging king who, in his retirement, decides to divide his kingdom between his three daughters while retaining the title and privileges of being king. However, King Lear’s actions lead to the destruction of his family, tearing up his kingdom and creating a war. ‘King Lear’ is a tragedy as it follows the codes and conventionsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And Timon Of Athens1259 Words   |  6 Pages Of the many people to have critiqued King Lear, A.C. Bradley arguably does the most through job as seen in Lecture VII and VIII of his work Shakespearean Tragedy. In Lecture VII, Bradley begins by discussing the similarities King Lear has to Shakespeare’s other works including Othello and Timon of Athens (245-246). For instance, in Othello, Iago reminds of Edmund and Othello’s trickery reminds us of the deceitfulness of Gloucester. Additionally, the scene where Othello watched Iago and Cassio

Sales Management Plan Free Essays

The beverage product that will be developed in the market will be made from ginger. This product aims to help the customers avoid digestive problems, arthritis, and blood circulation. Aside from that, it will give the market a new taste of beverage that is definitely unique from ordinary juices that they can purchase from the supermarkets. We will write a custom essay sample on Sales Management Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The brand will be introduced to its target market as a bottled beverage with different variants to choose from. While many love the aromatic smell of ginger, there are still some who do not like its taste; therefore, the product will be produced with different flavors like what the prominent manufacturers had done to their tea products. General Market Analysis The target markets for this product are the young professionals, sports active individuals, and adults with the age of 35 years old and up. This segment was chosen because of their lifestyle and their need for a product with proper vitamins and benefits to keep away from diseases. Furthermore, this is the cluster of the society that is highly conscious about their health. Any person may drink the ginger product because of the health benefits that it may provide to the consumers; however, in order to make the promotion consistent and to easily gain a strong position in the marketplace, all the advertising campaigns and promotional tools for this product will be intended for the segment that is being targeted for this item (Beri, 2006). Industry Analysis. Unlike other consumer goods in the market, this product will have lesser direct competitors because only a few companies offering this type of good to the customers are currently trying to penetrate the market. However, the biggest challenge that the company needs to face upon market penetration is to have a competitive and persuasive approach that would make the target consumers buy the product. Today, Buderim Ginger is recognized as the leading manufacturer of ginger products (Buderim, 2002). Apparently, beverage products of this company will be the direct competitor of the ginger brand that will be introduced in the marketplace. Product Attributes Even though some people are already aware that ginger can be an alternative to other tea products, the product may appear totally new in the market. With the existence of prominent beverage products in the market, the company will highlight the following attributes in promoting the ginger product in the emerging market: ? With a unique combination of ginger and fruit flavors to choose from. ? Aromatic smell of ginger in liquid form. ? Contains vitamins and minerals to avoid diseases. ? For body resistance and health maintenance. Handy packaging for customer’s convenience. ? Different flavors and bottle sizes in affordable prices. Financial Analysis and Sales Forecast The budget allocation for ginger beverage will include marketing research, production, machinery and factory expenses, promotion, and distribution expenses. Prior to the release of the product, the company is expected to spend the 60% of the budget for the development of the marketing plan and t he mass production of ginger beverage, and the other 40% will be allotted for the advertisement and distribution of goods to the target market. On its first six months in the market, the company expects to generate a profit of at least 30% of the entire production budget. Sales Objectives Basically, the objective of the company before and after the production of goods in the market is to make the product salable in the market in order to gain profit; however, the product that is new in the market has a greater challenge than those that already exist in the store shelves. The sales objectives of the company are: To reach at least 30% of the expected profit in the first six months after the release of the product in the marketplace. ? To persuade at least three-fourths (?) of the entire target market to buy the product. Sales Personnel Needs The sales personnel will undergo trainings and seminars before finally selling the product. At the end of the training period, the sales team should have enough knowledge about the product that the company will offer to the customers. Ginger product could be new to the target consumers. Therefore, the sales personnel should possess the will and determination to persuade the consumers that the product that they are going to sell to the public possesses the exact attributes that they portray on the promotional tools. Sales Territory Design The product will be introduced and distributed to selected states in the United States. The limited production and pull strategy in terms of distribution will help the company to evade early decline stage. The states that have the highest population and percentage of target market will be the pioneering market for the ginger product. Sales Compensation Program The compensation of the sales team will depend on the quota set by the company. The company will set a quota for a sales team and give bonuses for every excess amount or work that the sales personnel will accomplish to promote and sell the product. Sales Personnel Qualifications The product that will be sold in the market may capture the attention of the market because of the idea that it is new in the market. However, this fact may also be the reason why the target customers may overlook the item. In this manner, the company needs to hire people who have enough knowledge and information about the product that is being sold in the market and capability to persuade the customers regardless of the uniqueness of the ginger product. Performance Measurement The number of sales done and percentage of the target market that the sales team has acquired will be the basis of performance of the sales personnel. The number of deal closed will be taken into consideration, and the profit that the company gained will be evaluated to measure the effectiveness of the sales strategies. How to cite Sales Management Plan, Papers

Pierre Trudeau Essay Example For Students

Pierre Trudeau Essay Pierre Trudeau, former Prime Minister of Canada, was once described asA French Canadian proud of his identity and culture, yet a biting criticof French-Canadian society, determined to destroy its mythology andillusions. He has also been identified as A staunch, upholder ofprovincial autonomy holding the justice portfolio in the federalgovernment. Such cumulative appraisal and observation made by past fellowbureaucrat provides high testimonial for the ex-Democratic Socialist. Thiscritique will establish and dispute the prime directives that Trudeau hadadvocated in his own book written during the years 1965 to 1967. Thecompilation of political essays featured in his book deal with the diversecomplexities of social, cultural and economical issues that werepredominant in Canadian politics during the mid 1960s. However, throughoutmy readings I was also able to discover the fundamental principles thatTrudeau would advocate in order to establish a strong and productiveinfluence in Canadian politics. Born in 1921, Trudeau entered the world in a bilingual/bicultural home located in the heart of Montreal, Quebec. His acceptance into theUniversity of Montreal would mark the beginning of his adventures into theCanadian political spectrum. Early in his life, Trudeau had become somewhatanti-clerical and possessed communist ideologies which were consideredradical at the time. Graduating from prestigious institutions such asHarvard and The School of Economics in England, Turdeau returned to Canadain 1949 and resumed his social science endeavors. At this time in Quebec,the province was experiencing tremendous cultural and political differenceswith the rest of the country. The Union Nationale had taken possession ofpolitical matters in Quebec and was steadily dismantling the socialistessence imposed on the province by the Federal government. The currentPrime Minister, Maurice Duplessis, found himself battling a religiousnationalist movement that corrupted the very fabric of poli tical stabilityin Quebec. The Duplessis faction maintained their conservative approachtowards political reform but failed to sway the majority of the populationinto alleviating with the demands of the Canadian government. The citizensof Quebec revered their clerical sector as holding utmost importancetowards preserving French cultural values and this did not correlate withthe Federal governments policies and ideals. Francophones were under theimpression that their own Federal government had set out to crush andassimilate what had remained of their illustrious heritage in order toaccommodate economic and political tranquility. Trudeau himself had decidedto join the nationalist uprising with his advocation of provincialautonomy. Ultimately, he and other skilled social scientists attempted tobring down the Duplessis party in 1949, but failed miserably in theirefforts. Duplessis buckled underneath the continuous pressure of Frenchpatriotism and was rewarded for his inept idleness by win ning his fourthconsecutive election in 1956. Although nothing of significance had beenaccomplished, Quebec has solidified its temporary presence in confederationat such a time. This prompted Trudeau to involve himself in provincialdiplomacy as he would engage in several media projects that would voice hisdispleasure and disapproval with the ongoing cultural predicament in Canada(this included a syndicated newspaper firm, live radio programs). If, inthe last analysis, we continually identify Catholicism with conservatismand patriotism with immobility, we will lose by default that which is inplay between all cultures. By literally encouraging a liberal, left- wing revolution in his province, Trudeau believed that Democracy must comebefore Ideology. Gradually, his disposition would attract many politiciansand advocates of Socialism, and thus it allowed him to radiate his ideologyonto the populace of Quebec. Trudeau makes it clear in his book that duringthe early years of the Duplessis government, he was a staunch admirer ofprovincial autonomy, but with the archaic sequence of events following theconflicts that arouse between Federal and Provincial matters in Quebec, hehad taken a stance on Federalism that involved security, economicprosperity and centralized authority. It wasnt until 1963 when the newlyappointed Premier of Quebec, Rene Levesque, warned that there must be a newCanada within five years or Quebec will quit confederation. It was notuntil 1965 that a man named Pierre Trudeau entered politics. It is at this point in his anthology that I was able to surmise theradical and unorthodox political convictions that the soon-to-be PrimeMinister would incorporate into Canada. His thesis is focused aroundpertinent issues which demanded attention at the time. After he elaborateson the importance of Federalism and how it is associated with Quebec, thereader begins to interpret the resolutions he offers and then finds himselfcomprehending the dilemma that French Ca nadians face in Canada. In the wakeof a constitutional referendum, such knowledge can be viewed as ironicallysignificant. A defender of civil rights and freedoms, Trudeau, even as ateenager, was adamantly opposed to supporting any political theory based onethnic tendencies; he makes this clear on an essay in the book entitled:Quebec and the Constitutional Problem. He was convinced that not only thedivided jurisdiction of a federal state helped protect the liberty of itscitizens but also that in fact the economic, social and cultural goods ofQuebec can best be achieved with a Canadian federal state. It seemed thatan archetypal Trudeau Federal infrastructure would be one where each levelof government would function on its own jurisdiction. In doing so, Trudeauwould voice his admiration for the Bill of Rights and how he wouldconcentrate on developing a Federal government for the individual. It wasnot until 1962 that Trudeau actually began defending Federalism for what itrepresented to the average labourer, but the fact that Quebec seemed toconvert provincial autonomy into an absolute forced him to reconsider hispolitical stance. Joining the struggling Liberal party in 1965, his onlycoinciding proposition with that of his party was the advocation of an openFederal system. Nonetheless, it marked the beginning of a political careerthat would take him to the heights of power in his dominion.My political action, or my theory insomuch as I can be said to haveone can be expressed very simply: create counter-weights. The measure ofa man can be traced to his ideological convictions, and in doing so, I haveonly started to realize the prominent role that Trudeau has played inCanadian politics. He was heralded as a radical, somewhat of a usurper anddefinitely a socialist mogul, but what was clear about Trudeau was hisrespect and admiration for liberties of the common man and how they werepreserved from the clutches of Federal policies. This respect would not bereplaced at any cost during his tenure and as he forecasted the ensuingconstitutional dilemma with a very impartial, non-partisan outlook, hewould primarily concentrate on two factors (economic and linguistic) whichoffered practical conclusions without chaotic implications. Trudeauenvisioned himself in power, speculating two choices he would offer toQuebec; full sovereignty or maximized integration into the Americancontinent. But what Trudeau avoided treading upon was the infringement ofstate policies on the individuals rights and freedoms. Many members of theFederal government believed that Trudeau did not speak on behalf of FrenchCanadians but that he substituted their cultural plight with his owntheories. This generated the following response: If the party does notagree with my opponents, it can repudiate me; if my constituents do not,they can elect someone else. Trudeau maintains that he dedicated hisanthology in order for others to understand the problems that FrenchCanadians faced in term s of cultural progress, and I am compelled toconclude that his involvement with the Federal regime may have saved thecountry for twenty yearsunfortunately, he was unable to complete theaffirmation of his ideology into the French Canadian scope and thus Canadatoday is contemplating the outcome of another constitutional referendum.His failure to absolve the constitution of any future repercussions withthe masses should not be viewed as a political error, but as an ideologicaltruth which he exhibited since 1965 (the addition of the notwithstandingclause).Trudeaus book covers an immense amount of historical and idealisticcontent. Published in 1965, it is fascinating to read and discover howintently and closely he would follow his ideologies as he would eventuallyascend to the position of Prime Minister. His reliability would bequestionable at the time (based on limited experience as a politician) butthe fact that he had submerged himself into a field which requiredinnovative and pragmat ic thought led me to believe that his Federaliststance would eventually be justified in Canadian history. With asuperlative writing style, his use of vocabulary and terminology aided thereader in understanding his convictions. Not even this reader expected sucha barrage of political jargon.Recent events in Canada have somewhat curtailed the ambience dealingwith this critique in respects to the opinions exhibited on behalf of theauthor and reviewer. Trudeau takes obvious pride in his ideologicalperspective of multicultural Canada, and in doing so one might expect apartisan, biased array of resolutions. This, however, is not the case. Thisbook leaves room for educational prowess without any noticeable weaknesses.Federalism and the French Canadians is an insightful, ideological anthologythat could be found especially useful to other politics students who wishto examine the importance of cultural and social values in a countrymissing a stable political doctrine (and perhaps a leader, no less). Art And Anatomy EssayHis failure to absolve the constitution of any future repercussions withthe masses should not be viewed as a political error, but as an ideologicaltruth which he exhibited since 1965 (the addition of the notwithstandingclause). Trudeaus book covers an immense amount of historical and idealisticcontent. Published in 1965, it is fascinating to read and discover howintently and closely he would follow his ideologies as he would eventuallyascend to the position of Prime Minister. His reliability would bequestionable at the time (based on limited experience as a politician) butthe fact that he had submerged himself into a field which requiredinnovative and pragmatic thought led me to believe that his Federaliststance would eventually be justified in Canadian history. With asuperlative writing style, his use of vocabulary and terminology aided thereader in understanding his convictions. Not even this reader expected sucha barrage of political jargon. Recent events in Canada have somewhat curtailed the ambience dealingwith this critique in respects to the opinions exhibited on behalf of theauthor and reviewer. Trudeau takes obvious pride in his ideologicalperspective of multicultural Canada, and in doing so one might expect apartisan, biased array of resolutions. This, however, is not the case. Thisbook leaves room for educational prowess without any noticeable weaknesses. Federalism and the French Canadians is an insightful, ideological anthologythat could be found especially useful to other politics students who wishto examine the importance of cultural and social values in a countrymissing a stable political doctrine (and perhaps a leader, no less).

The Crucible Essays (283 words) - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible

The Crucible In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, some of the characters showed courage when the live's of their loved ones were at risk. One of the main character's in the play was John Proctor. He showed courage when his wife, Elizabeth was accused of being a witch. When John found out that it was Abigail Williams, John's mistress, who accused Elizabeth he said, ?Fear nothing. I'll find Ezekial Cheever. I'll tell him that it was all sport.?(p.61, Proctor). Being it was Abigail who had accused Elizabeth made it difficult for John. John and Elizabeth had a very heated argument about Abigail. She believed that Abigail was out to kill her. She said to John, ?Spoke or silent, a promise is surely made. And she may dote on it now - I am sure she does - and thinks to kill me, then to take my place.?(p.61, Elizabeth). John doesn't seem to think that Abigail would do such a terrible thing to Elizabeth. Elizabeth says, ?It is her dearest hope, John, I know it. There be a thousand names; why does she call mine? There be a certain danger in calling such a name - I am no Goody Good that leeps in ditches, nor Osburn, drunk and half-witted. She'd dare not call out such a farmer's wife but there be monstrous profit in it. She thinks to take my place, John.?(p.61, Elizabeth) Elizabeth also said, ?You'll tear it free - when you come to know that I will be your only wife, or no wife at all! She has an arrow in you yet, John Proctor, and you know it well!?(p.62, Elizabeth) Another issue that made it difficult for John to prove Elizabeth was innocent was that John did not attend church.

Computer Aided Software Tools (CASE)

Computer Aided Software Tools (CASE) Introduction In software development, Computer Aided Software Engineering tools (CASE tools) are indispensable as they cut down the cost and time of software development while at the same time improving their efficiency and quality. They also make it easy for information to be presented in a logical manner thus making communication easy. They are often used as supports for traditional methods and object-oriented methodologies.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Computer Aided Software Tools (CASE) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many researches have focused on the use of CASE tools in the workplace. However, very few of them have compared the existing options of CASE tools. Therefore, this essay provides a comparison of two of the existing CASE tools based on parameters like repository, forward engineering features, reverse engineering features, and modelling tools. It also provides a suggestion of the better CASE tool. Comparison For the sake of comparison of the CASE tools, two tools, visual analyst and the IBM rational software, were selected. The comparison involved focusing on the repository techniques used, the forward and reverse engineering characteristics, as well as the modelling tools used. These are looked at in details leading to an appropriate conclusion on the preferred CASE tool. Repository Repository is necessarily a base of reverse engineering and the standard starting point for the same. It is also the main approach and preliminary point as well as a template in the modernisation of COBOL. Developers of any application need a repository to ease their work besides cutting cost to improve efficiency during the development and upgrading of IT systems. Another key function of repository is binding of the tools used in Visible Analyst (VA). Importation of information in the form of diagrams and objects into repository is a precursor of VA modelling tools, which store them befor e use. A repository therefore forms the foundation in the development of models besides acting as the obligatory initial point irrespective of the method used. The quality of a repository also has an overall effect on the success of the development. The use of the repository is common to both the visual analyst and IBM rational software with varying differences evident on the utilization of services (Roger, 2001, p.23). The use of repository in CASE tools is noteworthy because it facilitates information storage. The efficiency of a repository system in a CASE tool determines the success of the tool and hence the popularity among clients (O’Brien, 1995, p.34). The content of a repository includes data, process, models, and rules or constraints. The IBM rational software uses a secure repository to manage contents besides providing a centralized store of data on businesses and other related information. A viewer only gets read-only rights, as a case that contributes to the secu rity of the system and the information stored in it.Advertising Looking for assessment on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizations can upload employees’ information here, convey information to the organizational members, and post changes in policy and other reports such as goals and objectives (O’Brien, 1995, p.36). An online database that requires a server is necessary for the IBM repository to be effective with the possibility of many users accessing the service. For the visual Analyst, the same technique is applied with only a difference in the databases used. The cloud is the choice of technique used with information being stored in a centralized large server. The server is secured with passwords and other protective tools with the only available access being coded for administrators only (Roger, 2001, p.25). A series of supercomputers keep the server functioning with the date moving to-and-fro at a large speed. The visual analyst therefore provides a secure method of data storage for a cheaper cost compared to IBM rational software. Forward Engineering features As a definition, forward engineering is the science involved in the development of new software from the already existing ones or as a change to existing software. Forward engineering uses the existing information on repositories to develop systems with greater functionality, stability, efficiency, and according to user needs. There are advantages to the use of forward engineering as compared to starting from the scratch, as less time is spent. Developers depend on the already proven systems. Currently, it surprises to realise that every system developer considers the use of forward engineering as an efficient method of getting around system development. Forward engineering is also currently used to convert diagrams stored in repositories into codes to be executed in any platform as indicated by their type. Forward engineering does not use pre-existing codes in the development of new models, as it is the case with reverse engineering. It is therefore employed in the development of non-existent models. In information technology, forward engineering involves the formulation of skeleton codes from pre-existing models. In both IBM rational software and visual analyst CASE tools, forward engineering is a common feature, as it is to most or all the other existing tools. In IBM rational software, forward engineering consists of a systematic process. The model of the software is pertinent here. The components have to be identified first. The tasks involved are classes of software identification, checking the syntax, and class path. Code generation follows with a backup of the source suggested.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Computer Aided Software Tools (CASE) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The last step in volves viewing the generated source. Visual analyst CASE tool utilizes forward engineering in a simpler way compared to IBM rational software. The complex procedure like that followed in IBM is not followed here. The process ends up being simpler and faster. However, this compromises security and efficiency in the final product with low productivity. For small enterprises willing to use the CASE tools, visual analyst would offer a better alternative with similar objectives. In forward engineering, more codes are developed in visual analyst tools compared to IBM. The argument holds because visual analyst offers a better and more flexible environment for model manipulation. Therefore, it edges out IBM based on this consideration despite the lower performance rating. Reverse Engineering Compared to forward engineering, reverse engineering entails the development of models from pre-existing codes (Roger, 2001, p.27). Through manipulation of existing codes, a software developer can devel op new systems especially those that are currently not produced anymore to develop them. This entails a careful study of the existing codes, their manipulation, and use to develop the new models. This step is important in the vital software tools that are hard to reproduce. Different IT companies have different thoughts on the efficiency of reverse engineering in the development of newer models with some preferring to use forward engineering at the expense of reverse engineering. As the opposite of forward engineering, reverse engineering attempts to recreate models from codes that are pre-existing (Roger, 2001, p.27). The initial step involves meticulous scanning of the existing codes leading to the generation of new models. These are distinct from previous versions, as they carry a unique character that differentiates them from other versions. The existing requirements dictate the type of code that is used, and the more diverse the code, the greater the flexibility of the model. R everse engineering is critical in generating models for systems that have since run out of market, or are no longer produced since they are out-dated. It also finds the use in the analysis of existing software to establish designs and their specifications. Reverse engineering is well utilised in both tools as required in the competitive market. In IBM reverse engineering procedure, a derby database or a DB2 oracle database is used. The process guides the user in a series of steps with each step requiring a confirmation to proceed to the next. The first step involves the creation of an empty project referred to as ‘my application’.Advertising Looking for assessment on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The whole process of reverse engineering in IBM rational software involves about seventeen processes that are comprehensive and easy to follow. However, these require expertise and patience as they involve close follow-up. Visual Analyst CASE tool on the other hand â€Å"builds and reverses the engineer database schemas for Oracle and SQL† (O’Brien, 1995, p.39). The code is automatically generated with fewer steps involved. This means that it is less involving besides its delivery of greater results compared to IBM. Reverse engineering, as it happens with visual analyst, involves a somewhat similar process to that of the IBM CASE tool with only few differences. Pre-existing codes are used to generate newer models with the initial step of scanning being similar both processes. The creation of newer models to replace old and out-dated models is more successful when using the visual analysis CASE tool compared to the IBM rational software. Modelling tools Modelling tools are very important in the development of CASE tools. They are used in the development of newer software after an appropriate method is decided on. A good example is the UML (Unified Modelling Language) modelling tools, which are favoured by the IBM. Once a developer settles on the appropriate method of software engineering and development, he/she needs an appropriate tool to use. The tool used is referred as a modelling tool. There are different tools that can be employed in the development of models. However, this depends on the convenience of the developer and the software involved. Modelling tools are vital components of CASE tools. IBM rational software and visual analyst are no exceptions. In IBM rational software, modelling tools are valuable in information storage as they enable the writing of information on the repository. The tools used include the rational software modeller, rational software architect, and rational systems developer (Roger, 2001, p.28). Both CASE tools su pport the Unified Model Language (UML), which is the most current (Roger, 2001, p.28). Therefore, this means that, in comparing the modelling tools used by both CASE tools, one will see the little significant difference that exists between them. This similarity excludes the use of modelling tools used by the two to differentiate between them. However, the number of tools varies with the visual analyst using a greater number of tools and improving on diversity and flexibility (O’Brien, 1995, p.39). This stands out as an added advantage over the IBM rational software. Visible Company IBM Repository Single type of repository is used Uses three types of repositories Forward Engineering Model: driven architecture is not used The architecture is model driven There is unification of the Modeling Language used Modeling Tools Use UML and other tools Mainly UML is used Construction Tools Shared Modeling tools IBM software modeler Preferred met hod for a company From the above discussion, there are evident differences between the IBM rational software and the visual analyst CASE tools. These exist in the repository techniques used, the available forward and reverse engineering features of the tools, and the modelling tools. Given the choice of both tools for an organization or a company, visual analyst would emerge as a preferred personal choice for Tawazun Training Company, which was established in 2009. It needed to enhance its information system. The reasons behind the preference include the differences above, as well as the additional reasons stated below. Of the two tools, visible analyst is known to support both structures and other different types of designs. As O’Brien (1995, p.40), confirms, â€Å"Visible analyst also supports UML or object-oriented design†. This means that it is more accommodating to many designs. Despite having poor java integration, it is useful in â€Å"reverse engineering datab ases for Oracle and SQL† (O’Brien, 1995, p.39), as pointed earlier on. Another advantage is that it recognizes most design diagrams besides having the capacity to export and print them, as opposed to the others. When it comes to the flexibility of the tool, it is more flexible and consistent compared to the IBM tool even though this is user-prompted. Since there is a tutorial on the use of visible analyst program, it is easy for armatures and first time users to learn how to use it. This eliminates the challenge of training users. At the same time, it simplifies the program for the general population in addition to cutting down costs and time spent or wasted in informing the users about it. These are some of the considerations in setting up a CASE tool for a company. As such, the visual analyst satisfies most, if not all of them. The features in the visual analyst are similar to those in IBMs CASE tool with both having the same capability and near performance. The commo n features include the CASE repository in which data on businesses and clients is stored for reference. This is linked to the workstation, which in turn consists of a planning toolset, an analysis toolset, and a design toolset. Other key components include the automatic code generator, the report generator, user interface generator, and the toolset used for automatic code generation. These are important in the development of the software involved. The pricing of the two software tools varies based on their use, the type of the software, and their functionality. With all these factors constant, the visual analyst CASE tool is cheaper in installation, purchasing, and maintenance compared to IBM rational software. Therefore, this makes it a preferred choice in my choice of organization since it would cut on operational costs. However, with the increased number of software changes that are necessary, as well as the constant reviews needed, the visual analyst would also end up increasing the cost of organization’s running. However, this drawback is countered by the fact that there is an increased functionality with each software change leading to a more efficient working environment. In the overall look and feel of the CASE tools, other tools have about the same value with the only difference being the physical appearance and the general look (Roger, 2001, p.29). Both tools also have similar outlooks. This is confusing to most beginners of information technology. These similar looks and feels are of little significance in the making of a choice between the two. The claim holds because the selection of a tool is not guided by the look and feel but rather by the performance index attributed to it. Based on these criteria, visual analysis CASE tool would emerge as the most preferred by people who need to improve the information systems of their organizations. Another determining factor would be the ease of access and usage. Visual analysis is easier to operate, understand, and maintain for a medium sized company where importance is given to the operating cost rather than investment in CASE tools. This principle has led to the tool being popular among small businesses and companies. As a result, it continues to be seen throughout different parts of the world. With the above considerations, I would find visual analysis a preference for the organization. Conclusion In conclusion, there are various sites and companies offering CASE tools, which include visual analyst, IBM rational software, oracle designer, and visual-paradigm. Of the above methods, each has its own strengths and weaknesses over the other. A comparison between IBM Rational Software and Visible Analyst reveals this, as done in the paper. The substantial differences exist in the uses of repository, forward and reverse engineering features available, and the modelling tools among others. The visual analyst tool emerges stronger compared to IBMs tool, as discussed as a personal p reference in the paper. The differences in functionality, ease of use, and look and feel characteristics lead to the conclusion that visual analyst is better that IBM rational software. Reference List O’Brien A. (1995).Introduction to Information Systems, An End user/Enterprise Perspective. London: McGraw Hill Edition. Roger, S. (2001). Software Engineering – A Practitioner’s Approach. London: McGraw-Hill International Edition

Effective Strategies For Cross-Cultural Communication Research Paper

Effective Strategies For Cross-Cultural Communication - Research Paper Example With the completion of systemic and structural transitions, the leaders of the new employee groups are appointed and trained on the core leadership courses that involve the inclusion of tolerance when dealing with people from diverse cultural backgrounds. The leaders are informed on the essentials of communication, and how positive communication strategies motivate the workers and instill good organizational behavior. After carrying out the Integration activity, the company bonds the employees together, questioning about their experiences and the advantages they have acquired from the process of acquisition.  With the completion of systemic and structural transitions, the leaders of the new employee groups are appointed and trained on the core leadership courses that involve the inclusion of tolerance when dealing with people from diverse cultural backgrounds. The leaders are informed on the essentials of communication, and how positive communication strategies motivate the workers and instill good organizational behavior. After carrying out the Integration activity, the company bonds the employees together, questioning about their experiences.   To measure the impact of the outcomes of the training process to alleviate the stresses of cross cultural communication. In Microchip, the company achieves its goals every year, with the results reflecting an 80%achievemnt in purpose fulfillment. It is evident from the case of Microchip that the main solution to the difficulties in communication is training.

The Debate between the Principal-Agent Model and Organisational Essay

The Debate between the Principal-Agent Model and Organisational Culture Theory - Essay Example As the paper outlines  the principal-agent (PA) theory describes linkages entrenched in intricate delegation chains that influence the capacity of the international organisation leader to strive toward their own goals. Theorists mostly view the member states as the ‘principals’ and the international organisation as the ‘agent’. The PA theory can also go deeper the delegation chain to look at the principal-agent ties within international organisations that are specifically helpful in terms of identifying the degree to which IO leaders may understand their tendencies.This study highlights that  organisational culture theorists have persuasively demonstrated that IOs are actors, with ability to expand and behave in line with autonomous goals and principles that cannot be diminished to the goals and principles of their member states. As stated by this model, the capability of IOs towards independent behaviour originates from their specialist, moral, assigned , legal, and rational power, which gives them capacity to wield power. Common arguments of the organisational culture theory recognise the outer limits enforced by states. Nevertheless, in almost all of the empirical studies the possible conflict between the autonomous objectives of the IOs and outside pressures is avoided by selecting case studies wherein IOs behave autonomously but in accordance to the interests of the states, or case studies wherein IOs behave where states are unsympathetic.

Does Restorative Justice Prevent Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Does Restorative Justice Prevent Crime - Essay Example Researchers and authors have critically argued that although significant number of attempts has been made by advocates of Restorative Justice in contrasting this model with various other approaches of justice, this model has suffered from several pitfalls. One of the most important pitfalls has been that those attempts have raised different meanings. These meanings have been attributed to different retribution and to rehabilitation (Mantle et al., 2005: p.2). Principles and practices incorporate a view of crime in terms of a conflict between individuals, instead of conflicts between the state and the offender. The aspect which is closely associated with this view tells that the governments’ responsibility with respect to providing security to individuals, crimes and conditions of disorder need to be shared â€Å"among all the members of the community†. This justice approach has been considered as a humanitarian approach which â€Å"brings to the foreground ambitions of forgiveness, healing, reparation and reintegration† (Mantle et al., 2005:p.3). Hence, this approach includes the offender as well as the victim, their families, friends and community representatives. This urges offenders and the victim to make face-to-face contacts with each other. These aspects of mutual interaction have been used to mark voices of both victim and the offender with regard to their experiences as well as understanding of the crime. These interactions have been introduced in this approach for the purpose of reaching a mutually acceptable solution to the problem (Mantle et al., 2005:p.3). Advocates of this unique approach of justice argue that mental lockdown of the crime is not required in the modern world and society; rather what is required is the justice policy which will repair the damage caused by the crime. Due to this reason, in the restorative justice all parties associated with the crime are incorporated into the justice procedure. The level of confli ct, generated by the system or procedure of criminal justice, has been reduced by the restorative justice. These conflicts arise when harsh punishments are provided to people who belong to the powerless social outcasts of nation. According to the advocates of Restorative Justice, old or traditional modes of justice and methods of punishment have failed considerably to provide a significant system of justice for offenders, victims and others (Siegel, 2011:p.285). However, restorative justice has been praised by various researchers with respect to the fact that it helps in the process of increasing the likelihood of the victim of reporting the crime and also provides different alternative punishments to sanction which ‘get tough’ on these offenders from their respective communities (Sullivan and Tifft, 2006:p.490). Restorative justice has widely been used by NGOs across the globe for providing proper and effective justice to women and children (mainly). Various rights in regard to society, such as rights to work, rights to speech etc., have been developed with greater use of Restorative Justice. Greater use of restorative justice has made the criminal justice system more effective in terms of reducing the level of occurrence of crimes in the society. For instance, in the United States of America, greater use of

Analysis Of Life Insurance Industry In India Economics Essay

Analysis Of Life Insurance Industry In India Economics Essay Since inception the Indian life insurance industry has its own origin and history. It has passed through many hurdles and hindrances in order to attain the present status. However, the income earning capacity of an individual citizen of a nation and the eagerness and awareness of the general public are the two key determinants of the growth of any insurance industry. In the Indian context, the insurance habits among the general public during the independence decade was rare and in the following decades, it has slowly increased. There was a remarkable improvement in the Indian insurance industry soon after the economic reform era (1991). After 1991 the Indian life insurance industry has geared up in all respects, as well as it is being forced to face a lot of healthy competition from many national as well as international private insurance players. In this paper we have analyzed the performance of LIC over a time period of 1980 to 2009, attempt has been made to analyse the overall performance of Life Insurance Industry of India between pre- and post economic reform era. To measure the current status, volume of competitions and challenges faced by the Life Insurance Corporation of India and to measure the effectiveness of investment strategy of LIC over the period 1980 to 2009. Data were analysed by using Regression, Trend Analysis and Anova. The study reveals that there is a tremendous growth in the performance of Indian Life Insurance industry and LIC due to the policy of LPG. Insurance industry also improved a lot due to the emergence of Private sector and opening up for foreign players. Further there is also a huge change in the investment pattern of LIC. There is a increasing trend toward the investment in Stock market by LIC from 60% to 93% from 1980 to 2009 due to the effective regulation of SEBI and increasing transparen cy of stock market. I. Introduction Life insurance is a contract for the payment of a sum of money to a person assured on happening of the event ensured against. Usually the contracts provide for the payment of the amount on a date of maturity or at a specified date at periodic intervals or at unfortunate death, if it occurs earlier. Life insurance is universally acknowledged to be an institution, which eliminates risk, substituting certainty for uncertainty and comes to the timely aid of the family in the unfortunate event of death of breadwinner. Life insurance is civilisations partial solution to the problems that caused by death. In short, life insurance is concerned with two hazards that stand across the life-path of every person: 1.That of dying prematurely is leaving a dependent family to fend for itself. 2. That of living till old age without visible means of support. The nationalization of insurance business in the country resulted in the establishment of Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) in 1956 as a wholly- owned corporation of the government of India. Indias life insurance market has grown rapidly over the past six years, with new business premiums growing at over 40% per year. The premium income of Indias life insurance market is set to double by 2012 on better penetration and higher incomes. Insurance penetration in India is currently about 4% of its GDP, much lower than the developed market level of 6-9%. In several segments of the population, the penetration is lower than potential. For example, in urban areas, the penetration of life insurance in the mass market is about 65%, and its considerably less in the low-income unbanked segment. In rural areas, life insurance penetration in the banked segment is estimated to be about 40%, while it is marginal at best in the unbanked segment. The total premium could go up to $80-100 billion by 2012 from the present $40 billion as higher per capita income increases per capita insurance intensity. The average household premium will rise to Rs 3,000-4,100 from the current Rs 1,300 as will penetration by the existing and new players. Indias ratio of life insurance premium to its GDP is around 4 per cent against 6-9 per cent in the developed world. It could rise to 5.1-6.2 by 2012 in tandem with the countrys demographic profile. India has 17 life insurers and the state owned Life Insurance Corp. of India dominates the industry with over 70 percent market share, though private players have been growing aggressively. Considering the worlds largest population and an annual growth rate of nearly 7 per cent, India offers great opportunities for insurers. US based online insurance company ebix.com plans to enter the Indian market following deregulation of its insurance sector. In a diverse country such as India it is imperative that a universal insurance infrastructure be created to maximize efficiency in the insurance industry. Online insurer ebix.com can offers the Indian market a business-to-consumer internet portal where consumers have more choice while purchasing insurance and an internet-based agency management system that will help agents work more efficiently with multiple carriers. Foreign holding in Indian insurance companies is limited to 26 per cent. The market is moving beyond single-premium policies and unit linked insurance products which are easier to sell. The agency model is the dominant sales channel accounting for more than 85 per cent of fresh premiums but overall inactivity and attrition is much higher at 50-55 per cent than the global average of 25 per cent. GIVE REFERENCE II. Review of Literature In the present section an attempt has been made to examine the review of literature related to the study. Rao, R.T.S. (2000) in this article had explained the phenomenal growth experienced by life insurance industries recently, in line with the countrys improving economic fundamentals. By comparing the growth, penetration, density and other insurance variables, he had shown that India is still an underdeveloped insurance market, it has a huge catch-up potential. According to him even though there is strong potential for expansion of insurance into rural areas, growth has so far remained slow. Considering that the bulk of the Indian population still resides in rural areas, it is imperative that the insurance industrys development should not miss this vast sector of the population. Goyal, K. (2004), in this article has reviewed that private insurance companies had reason to celebrate with the lifting of the sectoral cap in the insurance sector to 49 per cent in the Union Budget 2004-05, as against 26 per cent earlier. However, to offset the excitement, there was also an imposition of service tax of 10 per cent on the risk premium for life insurance, which has the industry with mixed feelings. The FDI hike has been a much-awaited plea of these companies, who believed that they could plough in more money into the business if their foreign partners were permitted an increased holding. Jain, A.K. (2004), revealed that Waves of liberalization have done wonders to proper the insurance occupation to the status of a career with a bright future. The average mindset, particularly of younger generation in India was very amenable to the changes in insurance as an avenue where exhilarating opportunities are opened up in changed environment. Krishnamurthy, S. (2005) in this article had reviewed that Insurance companies have a pivotal role in offering insurance products which meet the requirements of the people and, at the same time, are affordable. Some of the challenges faced by the insurance sector pertain to the demand conditions, competition in the sector, product innovations, delivery and distribution systems, use of technology, and regulation. With the liberalization and entry of private companies in insurance, the Indian insurance sector has started showing signs of significant change. Ray, Subhashish and Pathak, Ajay. (2006) opined that ever since the privatization of the insurance sector in India in 2000, the industries has been witnessing the birth of numerous private players, mostly joint ventures between foreign insurance giants and Indian diversified conglomerates and each one is trying to make an inroad into the huge untapped market. Sinha, Ram Pratap. (2007) opined that the deregulation of general insurance industry in India is having far-reaching consequences in terms of market size, structure and operational practices. As compared to the international standards the penetration level of general insurance companies in India is quite low and, therefore, has tremendous potential for growth. His analysis revealed that the public sector insurers dominate the private sector insurers in terms of mean technical efficiency in constant returns to scale, while the private sector insurers have a slightly higher mean technical efficiency than the public sector insurers in variable returns to scale. Goswami, P. (2007) in this article had reviewed that the insurance industry in India was opened up to private sector participation in the year 2000. Prior to this, Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) of India was the sole player in the life insurance industry in India. In six years since the entry of private players in the insurance market, LIC has lost 29% market share to the private players, although both, market size and the insurance premium being collected, are on the rise. In 2005, life insurance accounted for 79% of the total insurance market in India. It was found that the responsiveness dimension of service quality provides maximum customer satisfaction in the life insurance industry in India. Sabera. (2007) indicated that in March 2000, when the Government of India liberalized the insurance sector, lifted the entry restrictions for private insurance players, allowing the foreign players to enter into the market and start their operations in India. The entry of private players helps in spreading and keeping the operation in the Indian insurance sector which in turn results in restructuring and revitalizing of public sector companies. III. Research Methodology The research article is based upon descriptive as well as exploratory research. Secondary sources of data collection have been adopted for the study. The relevant and required data are collected from the text books, national and international articles, RBI Bulletin (various issues) as well as annual reports of LIC. The Statistical tools used in this research article are Correlation, Regression, ANOVA, the method of least squares and linear trend. The method of least square has been used for analysing the overall performance of Life Insurance Industry of India between pre- and post economic reform era and to measure the current status, volume of competitions and challenges faced by the Life Insurance Corporation of India. For processing the data and estimating the results, Excel, SPSS-16 packages have been used. Objectives: The following are the objectives of the present study To analyze the overall performance of Life Insurance Industry of India between pre- and post economic reform era To measure the current status, volume of competitions and challenges faced by the Life Insurance Corporation of India To measure the change in the effectiveness of the investment strategy of LIC over the period 1980 to 2009. Hypothesis: The study is based on the hypothesis that There is no significance difference in the performance of Life Insurance Industry between pre- and post economic reform era There is no significance Change in the pattern of the investment strategy of LIC over the period 1980 to 2009. Status and Position of Indian Life Insurance Industry in the pre LPG era In India, life insurance in its modern form came from England in the year 1818. The first life insurance was Oriental life insurance Company started by Europeans in Calcutta. All the insurance industries established during that period of time were brought up with the purpose of looking after the needs of European community and Indian natives were not being insured by these companies. Later on with the efforts of eminent people like Babu Muttylal Seal, the foreign life insurance companies started insuring Indian lives. But still Indian lives were being treated as sub-standard lives and heavy extra premiums were being charged on them. However in the year 1870, Bombay Mutual Life Assurance Society heralded the birth of first Indian life insurance company and covered Indian lives at normal rates. Starting as Indian enterprise with highly patriotic motives, insurance companies came into existence to carry the message of insurance and social security through insurance to various sectors of the society. Bharat Insurance Company (1896) was another one of such companies inspired by nationalism. The Swadeshi movement during 1905-1907 gave rise to more insurance companies. The United India in Madras, National Indian and National Insurance in Calcutta and the Co-operative Assurance at Lahore were established in 1906. In 1907, the Hindustan Co-operative Insurance Company took its birth in one of the rooms of the Jorasanko, house of the great poet Rabindra Nath Tagore, in Calcutta. The Indian Mercantile, General Assurance and Swadeshi Life (later Bombay Life) were some of the companies that established during the same period. Prior to 1912, India had no legislation to regulate insurance business. However in the year 1912, the Life Insurance Companies Act, and the Provident Fund Act were passed. The Life Insurance Companies Act, 1912 made it necessary that the premium rate tables and periodical valuations of companies should be certified by an actuary, but in actuall the Act discriminated between foreign and Indian companies on many accounts, putting the Indian companies at a disadvantage. The first two decades of the twentieth century saw lot of growth in insurance industries. From 44 companies with total business-in-force of Rs.22.44 crore, it rose to 176 companies with total business-in-force of Rs.298 crore in 1938. During the mushrooming of insurance companies many financially unsound concerns were also floated which failed miserably. The Insurance Act 1938 was the first legislation governing not only life insurance but also non-life insurance to provide strict state control over insurance business. The demand for nationalization of life insurance industry was made repeatedly in the past but it gathered momentum in 1944 when a bill to amend the Life Insurance Act 1938 was introduced in the Legislative Assembly. However, it was much later on the 19th of January, 1956, that life insurance in India was nationalized. About 154 Indian insurance companies, 16 non-Indian companies and 75 provident were operating in India at the time of nationalization. Nationalization wa s accomplished in two stages; initially the management of the companies was taken over by means of an Ordinance, and later, the ownership too by means of a comprehensive bill. The Parliament of India passed the Life Insurance Corporation Act on the 19th of June 1956, and the Life Insurance Corporation of India was created on 1st September, 1956, with the objective of spreading life insurance much more widely and in particular to the rural areas with a view to reach all insurable persons in the country, providing them adequate financial cover at a reasonable cost. In the year 1956, LIC had 5 zonal offices, 33 divisional offices and 212 branch offices, apart from its corporate office. Since life insurance contracts are long term contracts and during the currency of the policy it requires a variety of services needs felt in the later years to expand the operations and place a branch office at each district headquarter. Re-organization of LIC took place and large numbers of new branch offices were opened. As a result of the re-organization servicing functions were transferred to the branches, and branches were made accounting units. It worked wonders with the performance of the corporation. It may be seen from the fact that about 200.00 crores of New Business in 1957 the corporation crossed 1000.00 crores only in the year 1969-70, and it took another 10 years for LIC to cross 2000.00 crores mark of new business. But with the re-organization happening in the early eighties, by 1985-86 LIC had already crossed 7000.00 crores Sum Assured on new polic ies. Table 1. Growth of LIC between 1959 and 1999 Table 1. Growth of LIC between 1959 and 1999 S.No. Particulars 1957 1999 1 Annual Business: Sum Assured Policies First year premium 336.3 crores 8,00,000 14 crores 75606 crores 14857000 4171 crores 2 Business in force: Sum Assured Policies Renewal premium 1477 crores 5686000 74 crores 459201 crores 91726000 16136crores 3 Group Business in force: Sum Assured No. of Lives 5.29 crores 69558 crores 21671000 4 Life Fund: 41040 crores 127389.06 crores Source: Secondary Data Annual Reports of LIC. Progress of Indian Life Insurance Industry in the Post LPG Era Insurance sector reforms: In 1993, Malhotra Committee headed by former Finance Secretary and RBI Governor R.N. Malhotra was formed to evaluate the Indian insurance industry and recommend its future direction. The Malhotra committee was set up with the objective of complementing the reforms initiated in the financial sector. The reforms were aimed at creating a more efficient and competitive financial system suitable for the requirements of the economy keeping in mind the structural changes currently underway and recognizing that insurance is an important part of the overall financial system where it was necessary to address the need for similar reformsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In 1994, the committee submitted the report and some of the key recommendations included: 1) Structure Government stake in the insurance Companies to be brought down to 50%. Government should take over the holdings of GIC and its subsidiaries so that these subsidiaries can act as independent corporations. All the insurance companies should be given greater freedom to operate. 2) Competition Private Companies with a minimum paid up capital of Rs.1bn should be allowed to enter the industry. No Company should deal in both Life and General Insurance through a single entity. Foreign companies may be allowed to enter the industry in collaboration with the domestic companies. Postal Life Insurance should be allowed to operate in the rural market. Only One State Level Life Insurance Company should be allowed to operate in each state. 3) Regulatory Body The Insurance Act should be changed. An Insurance Regulatory body should be set up. Controller of Insurance (Currently a part from the Finance Ministry) should be made independent. 4) Investments Mandatory Investments of LIC Life Fund in government securities to be reduced from 75% to 50%. GIC and its subsidiaries are not to hold more than 5% in any company (There current holdings to be brought down to this level over a period of time). 5) Customer Service LIC should pay interest on delays in payments beyond 30 days. Insurance companies must be encouraged to set up unit linked pension plans. Computerisation of operations and updating of technology to be carried out in the insurance industry The committee emphasized that in order to improve the customer services and increase the coverage of the insurance industry should be opened up to competition. But at the same time, the committee felt the need to exercise caution as any failure on the part of new players could ruin the public confidence in the industry. Hence, it was decided to allow competition in a limited way by stipulating the minimum capital requirement of Rs.100 crores. The committee felt the need to provide greater autonomy to insurance companies in order to improve their performance and enable them to act as independent companies with economic motives. For this purpose, it had proposed setting up an independent regulatory body. MAJOR POLICY CHANGES Insurance sector has been opened up for competition from Indian private insurance companies with the enactment of Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 (IRDA Act). As per the provisions of IRDA Act, 1999, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) was established on 19th April 2000 to protect the interests of holder of insurance policy and to regulate, promote and ensure orderly growth of the insurance industry. IRDA Act 1999 paved the way for the entry of private players into the insurance market which was hitherto the exclusive privilege of public sector insurance companies/ corporations. Under the new dispensation Indian insurance companies in private sector were permitted to operate in India with the following conditions: Company is formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956; The aggregate holdings of equity shares by a foreign company, either by itself or through its subsidiary companies or its nominees, do not exceed 26%, paid up equity capital of such Indian insurance company; The companys sole purpose is to carry on life insurance business or general insurance business or reinsurance business. The minimum paid up equity capital for life or general insurance business is Rs.100 crores. The minimum paid up equity capital for carrying on reinsurance business has been prescribed as Rs.200 crores. The Authority has notified 27 Regulations on various issues which include Registration of Insurers, Regulation on insurance agents, Solvency Margin, Re-insurance, Obligation of Insurers to Rural and Social sector, Investment and Accounting Procedure, Protection of policy holders interest etc. Applications were invited by the Authority with effect from 15th August, 2000 for issue of the Certificate of Registration to both life and non-life insurers. IRDA has so far granted registration to 12 private life insurance companies and 9 general insurance companies. If the existing public sector insurance companies are included, there are currently 13 insurance companies in the life side and 13 companies operating in general insurance business. Today LIC functions with 2048 fully computerized branch offices, 100 divisional offices, 7 zonal offices and the corporate office. LICs Wide Area Network covers 100 divisional offices and it connects all the branches through a Metro Area Network. LIC has tied up with some Banks and Service providers to offer an on-line premium collection facility in selected cities. LICs ECS and ATM premium payment facility is an addition to customer convenience. Apart from on-line Kiosks and IVRS, Info Centers have been commissioned at Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, New Delhi, Pune and many other cities. With a vision of providing easy access to its policyholders, the LIC has launched its SATELLITE SAMPARK offices. These satellite offices are smaller, leaner and closer to the customer. The digitalized records of the satellite offices will facilitate the customer anywhere servicing and many other conveniences in the future. LIC continues to be the dominant life insurer eve n in the liberalized scenario of Indian insurance industries and is moving fast on a new growth trajectory surpassing its own past records. LIC has issued over one crore policies during the current year. Table-2: Total Life Insurance Premium (Rs. Crore) INSURER 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03 2001-02 LIC 149789.99 127822.84 90792.22 75127.29 63533.43 54628.49 49821.91 (17.19) (40.79) (20.85) (18.25) (16.30) (9.65) (42.79) Aviva 1891.88 1147.23 600.27 253.42 81.50 13.47 NA   Bajaj Allianz 9725.31 5345.24 3133.58 1001.68 220.80 69.17 7.14 Bharti Axa 118.41 7.78 NA   NA NA NA NA Birla Sunlife 3272.19 1776.71 1259.68 915.47 537.54 143.92 28.26 Future Generali 2.49 NA   NA NA NA NA NA HDFC Std 4858.56 2855.87 1569.91 686.63 297.76 148.83 33.46 ICICI Pru 13561.06 7912.99 4261.05 2363.82 989.28 417.62 116.38 IDBI Fortis 11.90   NA NA NA NA NA NA ING Vysya 1158.87 707.20 425.38 338.86 88.51 21.16 4.19 Kotak Mahindra 1691.14 971.51 621.85 466.16 150.72 40.32 7.58 Met Life 1159.54 492.71 205.99 81.53 28.73 7.91 0.48 Max New York 2714.60 1500.28 788.13 413.43 215.25 96.59 38.95 Reliance Life 3225.44 1004.66 224.21 106.55 31.06 6.47 0.28 Sahara 143.49 51.00 27.66 1.74 NA   NA NA SBI Life 5622.14 2928.49 1075.32 601.18 225.67 72.39 14.69 Shriram 358.05 184.17 10.33   NA NA NA NA Tata AIG 2046.35 1367.18 880.19 497.04 253.53 81.21 21.14 Private Total 51561.42 28253.00 15083.54 7727.51 3120.33 1119.06 272.55 (82.50) (87.31) (95.19) (147.65) (178.83) (310.59) (4124.31) Total (LIC+Private) 201351.41 156075.84 105875.76 82854.80 66653.75 55747.55 50094.46 (29.01) (47.38) (27.78) (24.31) (19.56) (11.28) (43.54) Note: Figure in bracket indicates the growth over the previous year in percent. Two way ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Rows 49560705298 17 2915335606 37.2725415 4.7941E-36 1.723833402 Columns 1069788739 6 178298123.2 2.27954002 0.0417493 2.188760765 Error 7978104529 102 78216711.07 Total 58608598567 125 Analysis and Interpretation Table 2 shows total life insurance premium during the year 2001-02 to 2007-08. The proportion of premium collected by LIC out of total premium collected by life insurance industry is declined from 97% in 2001-02 to 74% in 2007-08. It indicates the increasing competition from private sector. ICICI prudential is becoming a stronger and stronger player by keeping over a lot of business of LIC. But still there is a lot of scope of development in the life insurance industry where private sector will be a challenge in the front of LIC. By applying ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance, It is being observed that there is a significance difference in the performance of LIC and other Private Sector insurance companies over a period of 2001-02 to 2007-08 Table 3: Total Life Insurance Premium Year (X) Total life insurance premium (Y) U=X-A/ H U2 UY 2002 50094.46 -3 9 -150283.38 2003 55747.55 -2 4 -111495.1 2004 66653.75 -1 1 -66653.75 2005 82854.80 0 0 0 2006 105875.76 1 1 105875.76 2007 156075.84 2 4 312151.68 2008 201351.41 3 9 604054.23 718653.57 0 28 693649.44 Source- compiled from table 2. Y = A+BX ÃŽÂ £Y=nA+B X ÃŽÂ £XY=A ÃŽÂ £X+BÃŽÂ £ X2 Y=A+Bu ÃŽÂ £Y=nA+B ÃŽÂ £U ÃŽÂ £uY=A ÃŽÂ £u+B ÃŽÂ £u2 ÃŽÂ £Y=nA A= ÃŽÂ £Y/n ÃŽÂ £uY=BÃŽÂ £ u2 B= ÃŽÂ £uY/ ÃŽÂ £u2 A= ÃŽÂ £Y/n A= 718653.57/7= 102664.79 B= ÃŽÂ £uY/ ÃŽÂ £u2= 693649.44/28= 24773.19 Y=A+B (X-2004) 102664.79+ 24773.19 (2012-2004) 102664.79+ 24773.19 (8) 300,850.35 crore Based on the middle year 2005, the trend value for the year 2012 can be calculated using the linear function Y=A+BX, where, AB are constant. If we substitute the values in the trend line equation, the expected total LIC premium for the year 2012 is Rs. 300,850.35 crores. It shows that the total business is in increasing trend. Table 4: Investment strategy of LIC (Rupees crore) Year Sector-wise Instrument-wise of which Total (2 to 5) Or (6 to 7) (end-March) Public Private Joint Co-operative Stock exchange securities Loans 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1979 3411.9 618.1 29.9 527.8 2733.8 1853.1 4587.7 1980 3915.5 770.1 0 602.1 3113.4 2173.6 5287.7 1981 4707.8 647.2 0 665.5 3591.3 2725.6 6020.5 1982 5410.7 698.7 32 753 4040.6 2612 6894.4 1983 6189.7 787.4 32.7 825.2 NA NA 7835 1984 7020.8 891.4 40.1 905.3 NA NA 8857.6 1985 7919.5 1010.6 51.2 972.9 NA NA 9954.2 1986 9063.8 1121.3 68 1036.

Phytoliths and Archaeology; An Amazing Field That Never Gained Populari

Phytoliths are a durable floral microfossil formed by silica absorbed by a plant during its life. Although the usefulness of phytoliths in archaeology has been known for nearly a century, the field (independently) has not attained much popularity. Despite the fact that the yields of evidence and information from phytoliths are truly amazing, the field itself is at times more tedious than dendrochronology, causing a delay in the development of the use of phytoliths, as well as the lack of recognition. Phytoliths have been proven to be useful in a number of studies, ranging from paleo-environments, ancient agriculture, ancient technology, even the diet of particular cultures and their livestock. The largest problem with phytoliths tends to be the inability to identify certain phytoliths or the need to correlate the phytoliths with a different chronologies or reference collections. With all of the uses phytoliths have, these problems seem to be recurrent. However, in order to understan d the use of phytoliths, one must first come to a better understanding of what they are.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Numerous sources have different terms for phytoliths, and even go so far as to separate phytoliths into two groups (Schiffer 1983: 227). This is not the case in this paper. The term phytolith will refer to a general definition that is broad and encompasses both of these groups; a phytolith is an opal or silica plant cell (Rapp and Hill 1998: 93). No source is completely sure of the biological purpose of the silica in the plant cells. Phytoliths occur from silica in ground water being absorbed through plants roots and integrated into the living plant (Hertz and Garrison 1998: 55). This silica fills the spaces in the cell and hardens. These cells can endure long after the life of the plant, even through decay and burning (Renfrew and Bahn 2004: 249). However, phytoliths are susceptible to highly alkaline soils, erosion, corrosion, mechanical wear (ploughs) and water damage (Schiffer 1983: 234). The general cell morphology, as well as density and cell wall thickness can affect the durability of phytoliths (Schiffer 1983: 235). Phytoliths first were realized for their usefulness in 1908 by Schellenberg, who noticed phytoliths in archaeological soils from North Kurgan (Herz and Garrison 1998: 55), however it was not again recognized until the 1950’s with Helbaek’s and... ..., D.M., and M.K. Trimble. 1984 Identifying Past Agricultural Activity Through Soil Phytolith Analysis: A Case Study from the Hawaiian Islands. The Journal of Archaeological Science 11 (2): 119-131. Piperno, Dolores R. 1985 Phytolith Taphonomy and Distributions in Archaeological Sediments from Panama. The Journal of Archaeological Science 12 (4): 250-264. Piperno, Dolores R., and Deborah M. Pearsall. 1993 Phytoliths in the Reproductive Structures of Maize and Teosinte: Implications for the Study of Maize Evolution. The Journal of Archaeological Science 20 (3): 337-342. Powers, A.H, J. Padmore, and D.D Gilbertson. 1989 Studies of Late Prehistoric and Modern Opal Phytoliths from Coastal Sand Dunes and Machair in Northwest Britain. The Journal of Archaeological Science 16 (1) : 27-42. Renfrew, Colin and Paul Bahn. 2004 Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice. 4th ed. Thames and Hudson Ltd., London. Rip (Rapp), George Jr., and Christopher L. Hill. 1998 Geoarchaeology: The Earth-Science Approach to Archaeological Interpretation. Yale University Press, USA. Schiffer, Michael B. (editor) 1983 Advances in ARCHAEOLOGICAL METHOD AND PRACTICE vol. 6. Academic Press, New York.

My Road to Success Essay

My Road to Success Many people believe that natural ability is of pivotal importance for success while others argue that hard work is the key factor. However, the person, who has a gift of ability but lack of experience gains from hard-working, may not succeed. In my opinion hard work is still more important as it helps us to attain the higher levels than what lazy individuals with special ability can have. Natural ability does benefit us a lot in order to achieve success in life.Individuals, whose special abilities, do not have to study much to have essential skills that are needed for their success. For example, math geniuses are able to do math problems easily at school without spending much time doing homework. People who have acute intelligence in the business field can drive their firms to gain more profits while others have to struggle to get out of debts. Obviously, natural ability facilitates our ways to success while we do not have to suffer much.However, in order to attain success, hard work is still much more important. As skills can be learned, through hard work, we are possibly able to gain new essential skills that we are not born with. For example, behind the success of famous reporters, they have to spend hours of practicing to communicate. The more they practice, the more influent they talk and as a result, they can convey their ideas at ease on television. Moreover, mere natural ability cannot guarantee us success.If a person has exceptional ability but is always lazy and reluctant to work, his ability is likely not to be discovered and remains meaningless. On the other hand, people who always strive for new things are able to be exposed to new opportunities, which can drive them to more success. In short, though natural ability can facilitate us a lot, hard work is always the most crucial part to success. If we work diligently, we not only have new skills but also have more opportunities to achieve success in life.

Enzyme activity essays

Enzyme activity essays Introduction: Within each of our body cells are thousands of enzymes. These enzymes are proteins, or chains of amino acids that are responsible for chemical reactions. Enzymes are also called organic catalysts. A catalyst is a substance that speeds a chemical reaction without getting changed much itself. The catalyst well be using in this experiment is Hydrogen Peroxide or H2O2. Objective: To demonstrate the activity of enzymes under different conditions. 3) Chicken liver (fresh, boiled, frozen, and vinegar soaked) Procedure: 1) grind up a chunk of fresh liver. 2) Scoops up all the ground material and place it into another test tube containing about a half-inch of fresh H2O2. 3) Repeat step the steps using the boiled, frozen, boiled and vinegar soaked liver. 4) Repeat the same procedure, using small chunks of organic materials that are available at your or the teacher s demonstration table. Results: Q: What happens when raw liver is placed in H2O2? Catalase Activity in Various Substances Amount of Bubbling Rating by Number Conclusions: Q: How do we know that Catalase was present in our living materials? @ Because no chemical reactions could take place without them. Q: What effect does grinding have on our Catalase activity? @ It allows the H2O2 to start breaking it down faster. Q: What effect does freezing have on Catalase activity? Q: What effect does boiling have on Catalase activity? Explain. @ It doesnt allow much activity to occur because the enzymes in the live ...

Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication Essays

Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication Essays Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication Paper Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication Paper â€Å"We cannot not communicate†- this is an established fact in human existence and separates humans from other mammals. Even in silence one sends a multitude of messages: with one’s gaze, facial expression, touch, posture, gestures, and the manner in which one distances himself from the person or persons being communicated with. Equally, one’s choice of clothing and color as well as his timing may say more than what he communicates with his words. Yet as one speaks, more is revealed with the quality of his voice (pitch, tone and intonation), the number and length of his utterances, and the presence or absence of disfluencies in his words and even in his choice of words. Although in most recent studies some communication specialists would separate characteristics attributed to voice as well as word choice as paraverbal communication (Windle and Warren, n. d. ), we will refer to the earliest considerations on the forms of communication- the verbal and the nonverbal (Ehninger, et al, 1982; Pace, Peterson, Burnett, 1979; Becvar, 1974). Whether these nonverbals are sent intentionally or otherwise, one is certain: they serve certain factors: 1) repeating (e. g. vocal utterance and other NVCs that are presumed to repeat what is said), substituting (e. g. shaking the head in disagreement or nodding in acceptance), complementing (to emphasize emotional feelings), regulating, accenting and either deceiving or revealing a person’s intent and real emotions with regards to the communication situation. How much of what one communicates is nonverbal? David Givens (2005) provides an estimate on this phenomenon: Communicating Without Words According to Kramer, 94% of our communication is nonverbal, Jerry (Seinfeld, January 29, 1998). Kramers estimates (like the statistics of anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell [65%; Knapp 1972] and of psychologist Albert Mehrabian [93%; 1971]) are hard to verify. But the proportion of our emotional communication that is expressed apart from words surely exceeds 99%. So much is said even with a very few words that one should have a better understanding of the NVCs to become an effective communicator, and in the process overcome misunderstanding. A number of factors must be considered in understanding this form of communication, namely: 1) the manner in which the nonverbal is sent (either be deliberately or unconsciously transferred); 2) gender (males vs. female); and 3) socio-cultural (Europeans vs. Asians; minority vs. majority). For this purpose, we shall focus our discussion on the effects of gender differences in the use of nonverbal communication. O’Carroll’s (2006) article reviews some of the studies devoted to understanding the effects of gender on an individual’s communication style, including that of Deborah Tannena’s book You Just Don’t Understand: Men and Women in Conversation, which has been in the New York’s list of bestseller for nearly four years and have been translated into 24 languages, implying that certain misconceptions (i. e. girls aren’t more social than boys, neither are they more suggestible, girls aren’t any better at learning off by heart, boys aren’t good at more abstract learning, girls don’t have lower self esteem and that girls lack motivation [Macoby and Jacklin]) why females or males in particular ways while in a communication situation are somehow culturally ingrained in an individual’s pyche. Communicating Without Words Somehow socio-cultural norms (including the roles both assigned and perceived to be attributed to a particular gender) General disparities between male and female communication styles have been described as debate vs. relate, report vs. rapport, or competitive vs. cooperative (Gender Differences in Communication, n. d. ). How these are either revealed or concealed through the nonverbals will likewise be explained. Earlier it was mentioned that several types of nonverbal communication are perceivable in every communicative act. This paper will however focus on only three of them: 1) proxemics or the use of space; 2) kinetics or bodily movements (including gestures; and 3) haptics (touching), which are the more obvious channel of the intended messages, especially in interpersonal communication. There are other levels of communication though: intrapersonal, group and public communication, but for this purpose our discussion will be limited to communication contexts that transpire between two individuals, which centralizes the focus of the message being sent, whether between two sexes or same sex transactions. Proxemics. Just as we communicate with words, so too we transmit messages by placing ourselves in certain spatial relationships, with other persons or objects. The study of these spatial factors- or how we react to the space around us, how we use that space, and how our use of space communicates a particular information- is known as proxemics. Edward T. Hall, a pioneer in the study of proxemics, specified four spatial zones of interpersonal communication (i. e. intimate, personal social and public distance). Communicating Without Words The amount of space a person is allowed in most instances communicates the status of the communicators in a specific communication transaction. Dr. Lilian (1992) concludes that males 1) tend to approach women more closely in terms of their personal space; 2) take up more physical space when sitting or standing, with arms and legs stretched out away from their body; and 3) assume more reclined positions when sitting and lean backward when listening. These observations were likewise echoed in a study conducted by Erica Christoper (n. d. ) Kinetics. The human body is so versatile that it may transmit a number of messages in a single communication transaction. Early researchers delineated body expressions according to the part of the body involved in sending a particular message – facial expression, trunk movements, hand gestures, etc. Empirical evidence also suggests that, in general, 1) women use more head movements than men; 2) smile more often than men; and 3) engages more in eye contact (as cited by Christopher, Ibid). Dr. Lilian on men’s use of facial expression, reports that: 1) They tend to cock their head to the side and look at the other person from an angle when listening; 2) They provide fewer facial expressions in feedback and fewer reactions; 3) They tend to display frowning and squinting when listening; and 4) They stare more in negative interaction (Ibid). Haptics. Everyone uses touch at times to emphasize a point, interrupt another person speaking, or just as a comforting gesture. How this form of nonverbal communication is used and studied given a particular communication situation, has been referred to by communication scholars as haptics. Although women are more likely to use Communicating Without Words touch as a form of communication, men have been found to be more likely to touch women, than women are to touch men (Ibid). These instances, although provide a general observation on male/female communication styles establish the apparent difference in nonverbal use by members of different genders nonetheless. How they differ (relative to social norms and other factors) and to what extent in specific communication context, still need much research. At this point, we rest our case in that we have been provided with the basic understanding on the nonverbal form of communication as affected by gender differences. References: Erica, Christopher. â€Å"Gender Differences in Non-Verbal Behavior: A Global Look at the Use of Passive and Active Nonverbal Cues in Same Sex and Cross-Gender Conversation. † Retrieved 01 April 2009 from Saint Anselm College Website: anselm. edu/internet/psych/theses/seniors2002/christopher/webpage. ht ml#Abstract Ehninger, Douglas; Gronbeck, Bruce E. ; McKerrow, Ray E. ; Monroe, Alan H. (1982). Principles of Speech Communication, 9th Edition. USA: Scott, Foresman and Company. Givens, David (c1997-2008). Nonverbal Communication. Center for Nonverbal Studies. Retrieved April 01, 2009 from http://members. aol. com/nonverbal2/nvcom. htm He Says, She Says: Closing the Communication Gap Between the Sexes. Dr. Lillian Glass. Putnam, 1992. in â€Å"Gender Differences in Communication,† (n. d. ) Communicating Without Words Retrieved April 01, 2009 from The Ladies Room Website: geocities. com/Wellesley/2052/genddiff. html O’ Carroll, Eileen. (September 11, 2006). â€Å"Men are from Earth, and so are Women. † Retrieved April 01, 2009 from Anarchistnews. org: http://anarchistnews. org/? q=node/668 Pace, Wayne R. ; Peterson, Brent D. ; Burnett, M. Dallas. (1979). Techniques for Effective Communication. Philippines: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Windle, Rod and Warren, Suzanne. (n. d. ) â€Å"Communication Skills. † Collaborative Problem Solving and Dispute Resolution in Special Education: Training, an electronic manual Retrieved April 01, 2009 from directionservice. org/cadre/section4. cfm#Nonverbal%20Messages

Research Analysis on the Effects of Functional Mobility Skills Paper

Analysis on the Effects of Functional Mobility Skills Training for Young Students with Physical Disabilites - Research Paper Example 2. Literature Review In order to introduce the research problem to the readers several references were cited by the investigator. Three key points which researcher has discussed in literature review are enlisted below; a) The researcher has presented the strengths and weakness of Traditional Developmental Modal through literature review. Most of the researchers have reached the consensus that the traditional approaches are limited for learning motor and functional skills. (Crt Marincek, 2001, p.251). b) Secondly, the supremacy of functional modal over the developmental modal is discussed at length. Functional modal use of therapy integrated with education is more natural and beneficent. (Piercy, 1986, p.6). c) Another important point of discussion is the validity and acceptability of MOVE model. â€Å"MOVE is designed to embed mobility skill practice into functional every day routines.† (Miller, 2005, p.831). 3. Research Format Following facts about the research were identifie d, a) Description of the Research Format(s) The â€Å"Effects of Functional Mobility Skills training for Young students with Physical Disabilities† is a qualitative as well as a quantitative research. The research deals with the statistical details and comparisons as well as talks about the conceptual and qualitative issues with of MOVE curriculum. Moreover, hypothesis of the research cannot be precisely described rather is will result in some general conclusion which will require further studies and observations to strengthen the hypothesis. The research design is quasi-experimental in nature because its offer less randomization of participants being only five. Quasi-experimental designs are particularly useful in natural and a classroom setting which is the case in this research. Moreover, the research is more practical and less academic which is also an attribute of quasi-experimental research designs. The â€Å"Effects of Functional Mobility Skills training for Young stu dents with Physical Disabilities† is a single group research design. These designs are used were immediate and more practical resulted required to be established in order to ascertain the effects of a treatment conducted in the research. b) Description of the Method(s) of Data Collection Direct observation and standardized measure are used as the most prominent data collection methodologies. Direct observation method requires a clear definition of target behaviors and observer may be a teacher, parent or some other external observer. Standardized data may be collected using a specific instrument like Gait Trainer or through some other means like interviews and/or questionnaires etc. to record results and reaction in an experiment. All participants in the experiment are subjected to the same tests which increase the validity of the data collection. c) Description of the Method(s) of Data Analysis The data is mainly collected through direct observation and standardized measures. However, it is not an extensively diverse dataset and the analysis and comparisons are conducted through simple graphical representation of data in line graphs. These graphs are elaborated through variation of means and percentages and other statistical tools. Moreover, the overlap across phases,